REFERENCES

For more technical references, please see  A History of Neutrally Buoyant
Floats under the "about the dac" heading.

GENERAL:

Beckerle, J.C., and E.O.LaCasce Jr., 1973.  Eddy patterns from horizontal
  sound velocity variations in the main thermocline between Bermuda and the
  Bahamas.  Deep-Sea Res., Vol. 20, pp.673-675.

Bower, A.S., ed., 1994. RAFOS float technology workshop proceedings.
   Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, January 13-14, 115 pp.

Bower, A.S., and M.S.Lozier, 1994. A closer look at particle exchange in the
  Gulf Stream.  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.24, pp.1399-1418.

Davis, R.E., 1991.  Observing the general circulation with floats.  Deep-Sea
  Res., Vol.38, Supp.1, pp.S531-S571.

Davis, R.E., D.C.Webb, L.A.Regier, and J.Dufour, 1992.  The Autonomous Lagran-
  gian Circulation Explorer  (ALACE).  J.Atmos. Oceanic Tech., Vol.9, pp.264-
  265.

Davis, R.E., J.T.Sherman, and J.Dufour, 2001. Profiling ALACEs and other ad-
  vances in autonomous subsurface floats.  J.Atmos. Oceanic Tech., Vol.18,
  pp.982-993.

Davis, R.E., and Walter Zenk, 2001.  "Subsurface Lagrangian Observations
  during the 1990's", in Ocean Circulation and Climate, G.Siedler, J.Church,
  and J.Gould, eds.  Academic Press, Int'l Geophysics Ser., Vol.77, pp.123-139.

Fofonoff, N.P., and R.C.Millard Jr., 1983.  Algorithms for the computation of
  fundamental properties of seawater.  UNESCO Tech. Papers in Mar.Sci., Vol.44,
  53 pp.

Goodman, L., and E.R.Levine, 1990. Vertical motion of neutrally buoyant floats.
  J.Atmos.Oceanic Tech., Vol.7, pp.38-49.

Ollitrault, M., G.Loaec, C.Dumortier, 1994.  MARVOR: a multicycle RAFOS float.
  Sea Tech., Vol.35, No.2.

Rossby, H.T., D.Dorson, and J.Fontaine, 1986. The RAFOS system. J.Atmos. Oceanic 
  Tech., Vol.3,  pp.672-679.

Rossby, H.T., J.Ellis, and D.C.Webb, 1993.  An efficient sound source for wide-
  area RAFOS navigation.  J.Atmos.Oceanic Tech., Vol.10, pp.397-403.

Rossby, H.T., J.Fontaine, and E.C.Carter Jr., 1994.  The f/h float - measuring
  stretching vorticity directly.  Deep-Sea Res., Vol.41, pp.975-992.

Rossby, H.T., and D.Webb, 1970.  Observing abyssal motions by tracking Swallow
  floats in the SOFAR Channel.  Deep-Sea Res., Vol. 15, pp.359-365.

Zenk, W., 1997. Zum internationalen Stand der Floattechnologie.  DGM-Mitteilungen
  No. 3/97, pp.15-19.

Zenk, W., A. Pinck, S. Becker and P. Tillier, 2000. The float park: A new tool for
  a cost-effective collection of Lagrangian time-series with dual release RAFOS
  floats.  J.Atmos. Oceanic Tech., Vol.17, pp.1439-1443.



ABACO (FSU):

Leaman, Kevin D., and Peter Vertes, 1994.   Pathways in the Deep Western
  Boundary Current  Recirculation South of 30 N. University of Miami, RSMAS
  Tech. Rept. 94-002, 100 pp.

Leaman, Kevin D., and Peter Vertes, 1996.  Topographic Influences on Recircul-
  ation in the Deep Western Boundary Current: Results from RAFOS Float Trajec-
  tories between the Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge and the San Salvador "Gate".  J.
  Phys. Oceano., Vol. 26, pp.941-961.




ACCE RAFOS:

Anderson-Fontana, S., P. Lazarevich, P. Perez-Brunius, M. Prater, T. Rossby,
  and H-M. Zhang, 2001. RAFOS Float Data Report of the Atlantic Climate Change
  Experiment (ACCE) 1997-2000. University of Rhode  Island, G.S.O. Tech. Rept.
  2001-4, 112 pp.

Bower, A.S., P.L.Richardson, H.D.Hunt, T.Rossby,  M.D.Prater,  H.-M.Zhang,
  S.Anderson-Fontana, P.Perez-Brunius, and P.Lazarevich, 2000. Warm-water path-
  ways in the Subpolar North Atlantic: An overview of the ACCE RAFOS float pro-
  gramme. Intl. WOCE Newsletter, No.38, p.14.

Lazarevich, P. and T. Rossby, 2001. An evaluation of the YSI-5750 oxygen sensor
  for use on the RAFOS float. University of Rhode Island, G.S.O. Tech. Rept. 
  2001-3, 28 pp.

Rossby, T., M.D.Prater, H.-M.Zhang, S.Anderson-Fontana, P.Perez-Brunius,
  P.Lazarevich, A.S.Bower, P.L.Richardson, and H.D.Hunt, 2000. Warm-water pathways
  in the Subpolar North Atlantic: Some case studies.  Intl. WOCE Newsletter, No.38,
  p.17.

Furey, H.H., A.S.Bower, and P.L.Richardson, 2001.  Warm Water Pathways in the
  Northeastern North Atlantic: ACCE RAFOS Float Data Report, November 1996 -
  November 1999. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rept. WHOI 2001-17,
  161 pp.





MEDDY-SEEDING NORTHEAST ATLANTIC (AMUSE - WHOI):

Ambar, I., F. Sousa, T. Ferreira, L. Armi and A. Bower, 1994.  Variability of
  the Mediterranean Undercurrent off Southern Portugal, (extended abstract).
  Second International Conference on Air-Sea Interaction and Meteorology and
  Oceanography of the Coastal Zone, September 22-27, 1994, Lisbon, Portugal.

Ambar, Isabel, Laurence Armi, Amy S. Bower and Teresa C. Ferreira, 1999. Some
  aspects of time variability of the Mediterranean Water off South Portugal.
  Deep-Sea Res., Vol.46, pp.1109-1136.

Bower, A. S., 1994.  Meddies, eddies, floats and boats:  How do Atlantic and 
  Mediterranean Waters mix?  Oceanus, Vol.37, pp.12-15.

Bower, Amy S., Laurence Armi and Isabel Ambar, 1995.  Direct evidence of
  meddy formation off the southwest coast of Portugal.  Deep-Sea Res., Part I,
  Vol.42, pp.1621-1630.

Bower, A. S., L. Armi and I. Ambar, 1996.  Update on "A Mediterranean Under-
  current Seeding Experiment (AMUSE)."  Intl. WOCE Newsletter, Vol.24.

Bower, Amy S., Laurence Armi and Isabel Ambar, 1997.  Lagrangian observations
  of meddy formation during A Mediterranean Undercurrent Seeding Experiment.
  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.27, pp.2545-2575.

Hunt, H. D., C. M. Wooding, C. L. Chandler and A. S. Bower, 1998. A Mediterranean
  Undercurrent Seeding Experiment (AMUSE): Part II:  RAFOS Float Data Report  May
  1993-March 1995.  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rept. WHOI-98-14,
  125 pp.

Richardson, P. L., A. S. Bower and W. Zenk, 1999.  Summary of meddies tracked
  by floats.  Intl. WOCE Newsletter, Vol.34, pp.18-20.

Richardson, P. L., A. S. Bower and W. Zenk, 2000.  A census of meddies
  tracked by floats.  Prog. Oceano.,Vol.45, pp.209-250.




WESTERN BOUNDARY CURRENT (BOUNCE - WHOI):

Bower, A. S., and H. D. Hunt, 1999.  Kinematics and dynamics of the Deep Western
  Boundary Current where it crosses under the Gulf Stream.  Intl. WOCE Newsletter,
  Vol.34,pp.3-6.

Bower, A. S., and H. D. Hunt, 2000a.  Lagrangian observations of the Deep 
  Western Boundary Current in the North Atlantic Ocean.  Part 1:  Large-scale 
  pathways and spreading rates.  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.30,pp.764-783.

Bower, A. S., and H. D. Hunt, 2000b.  Lagrangian observations of the Deep 
  Western Boundary Current in the North Atlantic Ocean.  Part 2:  The Gulf 
  Stream-Deep Western Boundary Current crossover.  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.30,
  pp.784-804.

Hunt, H. D., and A. S. Bower, 1998.  Boundary Current Experiment I & II RAFOS
  Float Data Report 1994-1997.  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rept.
  WHOI-98-06, 106 pp.




BRAZIL BASIN (IFM):

Boebel, O., C. Schmid and M. Jochum, 1998.  Die Expedition ANTARKTIS -
  XIV/4 mit FS "Polarstern" 1997. Ber. Polarforsch.,Vol. 259, pp.6-20.

Boebel, O., C. Schmid and W. Zenk, 1997.  Flow and recirculation of
  Antarctic Intermediate Water across the Rio Grande Rise. J.Geophys. Res.,
  Vol.102 (C9), pp.20967-20986.

Boebel, O., C. Schmid and W. Zenk, 1998. Kinematic Elements of Antarctic
  Intermediate Water in the western South Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. II, Vol. 46,
  pp.355-392.

Boebel, O., R.E. Davis, M. Ollitrault, R.G. Peterson, P. L. Richardson, C.
  Schmid and W. Zenk, 1999.  The Intermediate Depth Circulation of the
  Western South Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.26, pp.3329-3332.

Boebel, O., C. Schmid, G. Podesta and W. Zenk, 1999. Intermediate water
  in the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence Zone: a Lagrangian View.  J.Geophys. Res.,
  Vol.104, pp.21063-21082.

Schmid, C., 1998.  Die Zirkulation des Antarktischen Zwischenwassers im
  Sudatlantik. Dissertation, Univ. Kiel, 105 pp.

Zenk, W., C. Schmid and O. Boebel, 1998. WOCE Floats in the South Atlantic.
  Int. WOCE Newsletter, 30, pp.39-43.




BRAZIL BASIN (WHOI):

Hogg, N.G., and W.B.Owens, 1997. Float observations from the deep Brazil Basin.  
  WOCE Notes, Vol.9, No.2, pp.1-7.  US WOCE Office, unpublished document.

Hogg, N.G., and W.B.Owens, 1999.  Direct measurement of the deep circulation
   within the Brazil Basin.  Deep-Sea Res., Vol.46(II), pp.335-353.

Hogg, N.G., W.B.Owens, G.Siedler, and W.Zenk, 1996.  Circulation in the deep
   Brazil Basin.  In: The South Atlantic: the present and past circulation,
   G.Wefer, W.H.Berger, G.Siedler, and D.Webb, eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin;
   pp.249-260.

Hogg, N.G., G.Siedler, and W.Zenk, 1999.  Circulation and variability at the
   southern boundary of the Brazil Basin.  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.29, pp.145-157.

Morris, M.Y., M.M.Hall, L.C.St.Laurent, and N.G. Hogg, 2001.  Abbyssal mixing in
  the Brazil Basin.  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.31, pp.3331-3348.




CANIGO:

Alves, Mario, Fabienne Gaillard, Michael Sparrow, Michaela Knoll and Sylvie Giraud,
  2001.  Circulation patterns and transport of the Azores Front-Current system.
  Deep-Sea Res. II (in press).

Serra, N., and I. Ambar, 2001. Eddy generation in the Mediterranean undercurrent.
  Deep-Sea Res. II (in press).

Serra, N., S. Sadoux, I. Ambar, and D. Renouard, 2002. Observations and laboratory
  modeling of meddy generation at Cape St. Vincent. J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.32 
  (special issue), in press.





DRAKE PASSAGE:

Davis, R.E., P.D. Killworth and J.R. Blundell, 1996. Comparison of Autonomous
  Lagrangian Circulation Explorer and fine resolution Antarctic model results
  from the South Atlantic.  J.Geophys. Res., Vol.94, pp.855-884.




EASTERN BASIN:

Armi, L., D.Hebert, N.Oakey, J.F.Price, P.L.Richardson, H.T.Rossby, and B.
  Ruddick, 1989.  Two years in the life of a Mediterranean salt lens.  J.Phys.
  Oceano., Vol.19, pp.354-370.

Price, J.F., T.K.McKee, J.R.Valdes, P.L.Richardson, and L.Armi, 1986.  SOFAR
  float Mediterranean Outflow Experiment:  Data from the first year, 1984-
  1985.  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rept. WHOI-86-31, 199 pp.

Richardson, P.L., D.Walsh, L.Armi, M.Schroder, and J.F.Price, 1989.  Tracking
  three Meddies with SOFAR floats.  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.19, pp.371-383.

Spall, M.A., P.L. Richardson, and J.F.Price, 1993.  Advection and eddy mixing 
  in the Mediterranean salt tongue.  J. Mar. Res., Vol.51, pp.797-818.

Zemanovic, M.E., P.L.Richardson, J.R.Valdes, J.F.Price, and L.Armi, 1988.
  SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment, data from the second year,
  1985-1986.  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rept. WHOI-88-43,
  230 pp.

Zemanovic, M.E., P.L.Richardson, and J.F.Price, 1990.  SOFAR float Mediter-
  ranean Outflow Experiment:  Summary and data from 1986-1988.  Woods Hole
  Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rept. WHOI-90-01, 243 pp.




EUROFLOAT:

LaCasce, J.H., and K.G. Speer, 1999. Lagrangian statistics in unforced barotro-
  pic flows.  J. Mar. Res., Vol.57,pp.245-274.

Menzel, M., 1998.  The Eurofloat experiment.  Internal Tech. Rept. #98-05, Lab-
  oratoire des Physiques des Oceans, IFREMER, Brest, 73 pp.

O'Dwyer, J., R. G. Williams, J. H. LaCasce and K. G. Speer, 2000.  Does the
  potential vorticity distribution constrain the spreading of floats in the
  North Atlantic?  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.30, pp.721-732.

Sparrow, M.D., O.Boebel, V.Zervakis, W.Zenk, A.Cantos-Figuerola, and W.J. Gould,
  2002.  Two circulation regimes of the Mediterranean Outflow revealed by La-
  grangian measurements.  J.Phys. Oceano. (submitted).

Speer, K.G., J.Gould, J.H.LaCasce, 1999.  Year-long float trajectories in the Lab-
  rador Sea water of the Eastern North Atlantic.  Deep-Sea Res. II, Vol.46, pp.
  165-179.




GULF STREAM ANATOMY:

Hummon, J., T.Rossby, E.Carter, J.Lillibridge,III, M.Liu, K.Schultz Tokos,
  S.Anderson-Fontana, and A.Mariano, 1991.  The Anatomy of Gulf Stream Me-
  anders; Vol.I: Technical Description and Fall Cruise Data.  University of
  Rhode Island, G.S.O. Tech. Rept. 91-4, 246 pp.

Hummon, J., T.Rossby, E.Carter, J.Lillibridge,III, M.Liu, K.Schultz Tokos,
  S.Anderson-Fontana, and A.Mariano, 1991.  The Anatomy of Gulf Stream Me-
  anders; Vol.II: Spring Cruise Data.  University of Rhode Island G.S.O.
  Tech. Rept. 91-4, 242 pp.




GULF STREAM PILOT STUDIES:

Bower, A.S., and T.Rossby, 1989.  Evidence of  cross-frontal exchange pro-
  cesses in the Gulf Stream based on isopycnal RAFOS float data.  J.Phys.
  Oceano., Vol.19, pp.1177-1190.

Bower, A.S., 1989.  Potential Vorticity balances and horizontal divergence
  along particle trajectories in Gulf Stream meanders east of Hatteras.  J.
  Phys. Oceano., Vol.19, pp.1669-1681.

Bower, A.S., 1991.  A simple kinematic mechanism for mixing fluid parcels
  across a meandering jet.  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.21, pp.173-180.

Bower, A.S., R.O'Gara, and T.Rossby, 1986.  RAFOS pilot studies in the Gulf
  Stream: 1984-1985.  University of Rhode Island G.S.O. Tech. Rept. 86-7, 
  110 pp.

Rossby, T., A.S.Bower, and P.-T.Shaw, 1985.  Particle pathways in the Gulf
  Stream.  Amer.Met.Soc.Bull., Vol.66, pp.1106-1110.




GULF STREAM SYNOPTIC:

Anderson-Fontana, S., and T.Rossby, 1991.  RAFOS floats in the SYNOP Exper-
  iment: 1988-1990. University of Rhode Island, G.S.O. Tech. Rept. 91-7, 
  155 pp.


 

GUSREX and HISTORICAL COMPOSITES:

Cheney,R.E., W.H.Gemmill, M.K.Shank, P.L.Richardson, and D.Webb, 1976.  Track-
  ing a Gulf Stream ring with SOFAR floats.  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.6, pp.741-
  749.

Kennelly, M.A., and T.K.McKee, 1984.  Gulf Stream Recirculation Experiment
  (GUSREX) and Line Experiment SOFAR float data 1980-1982.  Woods Hole Oc-
  eanographic Institution Tech. Rept. WHOI-84-45, 444 pp.

McKee, T.K., 1986.  A summary of historical SOFAR float data in the
  western North Atlantic, 1972-81.  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
  Tech. Rept. WHOI-86-24, 722 pp.

O'Gara, R.M., H.T.Rossby, and D.L.Spain, 1982.  SOFAR float pilot studies
  in the western North Atlantic 1975-1981.  University of Rhode Island, G.S.O.
  Tech. Rept. 82-3, 160 pp.

Owens, W.B., 1984.  A synoptic and statistical description of the Gulf Stream
  and subtropical gyre using SOFAR floats.  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.14, pp.104-113.

Owens, W.B., 1991.  A statistical description of the mean circulation and eddy
  variability in the northwestern Atlantic using SOFAR floats.  Prog. Oceano.,
  Vol.28, pp.257-303.

Richardson, P.L., 1983.  A vertical section of eddy kinetic energy through the
  Gulf Stream system.  J.Geophys. Res., Vol.88, pp.2705-2709.

Richardson, P.L., 1985.  Average velocity and transport of the Gulf Stream 
  near 55 W.  J.Mar. Res., Vol.43, pp.83-111.

Richardson, P.L., 1993.  A census of eddies observed in North Atlantic SOFAR 
  float data.  Prog. Oceanog., Vol.31, pp.1-50.

Richardson, P.L., J.F.Price, W.B.Owens, W.J.Schmitz,Jr., H.T.Rossby, A.M.Brad-
  ley, J.R.Valdes, and D.C.Webb, 1981.  North Atlantic subtropical gyre: SOFAR
  floats tracked by moored listening stations. Science, Vol.213, pp.435-437.

Rossby, H.T., S.C.Riser, and A.J.Mariano,  1983.  The western North Atlantic -
  A Lagrangian viewpoint.  In: Eddies in Marine Science, A.R.Robinson, ed.,
  Springer-Verlag, Berlin; Ch.4, pp.66-91.

Schmitz, W.J.,Jr., 1981.  Observations of eddies in the Newfoundland Basin.  
  Deep-Sea Res., Vol.28, pp.1417-1421.

Schmitz, W.J.,Jr., 1985.  SOFAR float trajectories associated with the New-
  foundland Basin.  J.Mar. Res., Vol.43, pp.761-778.

Schmitz, W.J., Jr., J.F.Price, P.L.Richardson, W.B.Owens, D.C.Webb, R.E.
  Cheney, and H.T.Rossby, 1981.  A preliminary exploration of the Gulf
  Stream system with SOFAR floats.  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.11, pp.1194-1204.

Schmitz, W.J., Jr., J.F.Price, and P.L.Richardson, 1988.  Recent moored
  current meter and SOFAR float observations in the eastern Atlantic near
  32N.  J.Mar. Res., Vol.46, pp.301-319.

Shaw, P.-T., and H.T.Rossby, 1984.  Towards a Lagrangian description of the
  Gulf Stream.  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.14, pp.528-540.

Wooding, C.M., W.B.Owens, M.E.Zemanovic, and J.R.Valdes, 1989.  Gulf Stream
  Recirculation Experiment - Part II.  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
  Tech. Rept. WHOI-89-37, 316 pp.




IFM IBERIAN BASIN:

Kase, Rolf, and Walter Zenk, 1997.  Structure of the Mediterranean Water
  and Meddy Characteristics in the Northeastern Atlantic.  In: The Warmwater-
  sphere of the North Atlantic Ocean, Wolfgang Krauss, ed., Gebruder Borntrager,
  Berlin; Ch.12, pp.365-395.

Schultz Tokos, Kathy L., Hans-Harald Hinrichsen and Walter Zenk, 1994.
  Merging and Migration of Two Meddies. J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.24, pp.2129-2141.

Zenk, Walter, Kathy Schultz Tokos, and Olaf Boebel, 1992.  New Observations
  of Meddy Movement South of the Tejo Plateau.  Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.19,
  pp.2389-2392.




IOS ALACES:

Freeland, H.J. 2000. The 1997/98 El Nino, the View From Line-P. California
  Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations, Reports 41, pp.56-61.

Thomson, R.E. and H.J. Freeland. 1999. Lagrangian Measurement of Mid-depth
  Currents in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett. Vol.26, pp.
  3125-3128.




IRMINGER SEA:

Bacon, S., Centurioni, L.R., Gould J.W, 2000. The evaluation of salinity measurements 
  from PALACE floats, J.Atmos. Oceanic Tech., Vol.18, pp.1258. 

Bacon, S., Centurioni, L.R., Gould J.W, 1998. Evaluation of profiling ALACE floats
  performance, SOC Int. Doc. No.39, 78 pp., unpublished. 





KAPEX EXPERIMENT:

Boebel, O., H.Rossby, J.Lutjeharms, W.Zenk, and C.Barron, 2003. Path and
  variability of the Agulhas Return Current.  Deep-Sea Res. II,  Vol. 50(1),
  pp.35-56.

Boebel, O., J. R. E. Lutjeharms, C. Schmid, W. Zenk, T. Rossby and C. Barron,
  2003. The Cape Cauldron: a regime of turbulent inter-ocean exchange.  Deep-
  Sea Res. II,  Vol. 50(1), pp.57-86 

Lutjeharms, J., O.Boebel, and H.Rossby, 2003. Agulhas Cyclones.  Deep-Sea Res.
  II, Vol. 50(1), pp.13-34.

Nunez-Riboni, I. D., O. Boebel,M. Ollitrault, Y. You, P.L. Richardson and R.
  Davis, 2004. Lagrangian Circulation of Antarctic Intermediate Water in the
  subtropical South Atlantic. Deep Sea Research II (submitted).

Richardson, P.L., and S.L.Garzoli, 2003. Characteristics and intermediate
  water flow in the Benguela Current as measured with RAFOS floats.  Deep-Sea
  Res. II,  Vol. 50(1), pp.87-118.

Richardson,P. L.,  J. R. E. Lutjeharms and O. Boebel, 2003.  Introduction to
  the "Inter-ocean exchange around southern Africa",  Deep-Sea Res. II,  Vol.
  50(1), pp.1-12 .

Richardson, P.L., M.A.Pacheco, and C.M.Wooding, 2003.  KAPEX RAFOS Float Data
  Report, 1997-1999 Part B: Float Trajectories at 750 m in the Benguela Cur-
  rent.  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rept. WHOI-2003-02, 97 pp.

Schmid, C., O.Boebel, W.Zenk, J.Lutjeharms, S.L.Garzoli, P.L.Richardson,
  and C.Barron,  2003. Early evolution of an Agulhas Ring.  Deep-Sea Res. II,
  Vol. 50(1), pp.141-166.



KUROSHIO EXTENSION:

Riser, S.C., 1995.  Pacific RAFOS floats measure mid-depth flow.  WOCE
  NOTES, Vol. 7, No.3, pp.1-5.  US WOCE Office, unpublished document.

Riser, S.C., in press.  Lagrangian observations of the mid-depth flow field
  in the western North Pacific.  J.Phys. Oceano.




LABRADOR SEA:

Lab Sea Group, 1998. The Labrador Sea Deep Convection Experiment.  Bull.
  Amer. Meteor. Soc., Vol.79, pp.2033-2058.

Lavender, K.L., R.E.Davis, and W.B.Owens, 2000.  Mid-depth recirculation
  observed in the interior Labrador and Irminger Seas by direct velocity
  measurements.  Nature, Vol.407 (6800), pp.66-68.

Lavender, K.L., R.E.Davis, and W.B.Owens, 2002.  Observations of open-ocean
  deep convection in the Labrador Sea from sub-surface floats.  J.Phys. Oceano.,
  Vol.32 (special issue), in press.

Lilly, J.M, P.B. Rhines, M. Visbeck, R. Davis, J.R.N. Lazier, F. Schott, and 
  D. Farmer, 1999: Observing deep convection in the Labrador Sea during winter
  1994-1995. J Phys. Oceano., Vol.29, pp.2065-2098. 

Marshall, J. and F. Schott, 1999: Open-ocean convection: observations, theory,
  and models. Rev. Geophys., Vol.37, pp.1-64. 

Prater, M. D., J. Fontaine and T. Rossby, 1999.  Profiling RAFOS Floats in the 
  Labrador Sea: A Data Report.  University of Rhode Island, G.S.O. Tech. Rept.,
  99-2, 37pp.

Schott, F., L. Stramma, and J. Fischer, 1999: Interaction of the North Atlantic
  Current with the Deep Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone throughflow. Geophys. Res. Lett.,
  Vol.26, pp.369-372. 

Steffen, E.L., and E.A.D'asaro, 2002.  Deep convection in the Labrador Sea
  as observed by Lagrangian floats.  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.32 (special issue),
  in press.

Sy, A., M. Rhein, J.R.N. Lazier, K.P. Koltermann, J. Meincke, A. Putzka, and M.
  Bersch, 1997: Surprisingly rapid cooling of newly formed intermediate waters
  across the North Atlantic Ocean.  Nature, Vol.386, pp.675-679. 




LDE:

Mariano, A.J., and T.Rossby, 1989.  The Lagrangian potential vorticity bal-
  ance during POLYMODE.  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.19, pp.927-939.

Price, J.F., and H.T.Rossby, 1982.  Observations of a barotropic planetary wave
  in the western North Atlantic.  J.Mar. Res., Vol. 40 Supp., pp.543-558.

Rossby, T., 1982.  Eddies and the general circulation.  In: The Future of Ocean-
  ography, P.Brewer, ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin; pp.137-161.

Rossby, T., J.Price, and D.Webb, 1986.  The spatial and temporal evolution
  of a cluster of SOFAR floats in the POLYMODE Local Dynamics Experiment
  (LDE).  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.16, pp.428-442.

Shaw, P.-T., and H.T.Rossby, 1984.  Towards a Lagrangian description of the
  Gulf Stream.  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.14, pp.528-540.

Spain, D.L., R.M.O'Gara, and H.T.Rossby, 1980.  SOFAR float data report of
  the POLYMODE Local Dynamics Experiment.  University of Rhode Island, G.S.O.
  Tech. Rept. 80-1, 200 pp.




MODE:

Dow, D.L., H.T.Rossby, and S.R.Signorini, 1977.  SOFAR floats in MODE.
  University of Rhode Island, G.S.O. Tech. Rept. 77-3, 108 pp.

Freeland, H.J., P.B.Rhines, and H.T.Rossby, 1975.  Statistical observations
  of the trajectories of neutrally buoyant floats in the North Atlantic. J.
  Mar. Res., Vol.33, pp.383-404.

Riser, S.C., 1982.  The quasi-Lagrangian nature of SOFAR floats.  Deep-Sea
  Res., Vol.29, pp.1587-1602.

Riser, S.C., H.J.Freeland, and H.T.Rossby, 1978.  Mesoscale motions near the
  deep western boundary of the North Atlantic.  Deep-Sea Res., Vol.25, pp.
  1179-1191.

Rossby, H.T., A.D.Voorhis, and D.Webb, 1975.  A quasi-Lagrangian study of
  mid-ocean variability using long-range SOFAR floats.  J.Mar. Res., Vol.33,
  pp.355-382.

Voorhis, A.D., and R.R.Benoit, 1975.  MODE SOFAR float in situ data summary.
   Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rept. WHOI-74-37, 60 pp.

Webb, D.C., 1977.  SOFAR floats for POLYMODE. Proc. Oceans '77, Vol.2, pp.
  44B-1-44B-5.


    

NEWFOUNDLAND BASIN:

Owens, W.B., and M.E.Zemanovic, 1990.  An exploration of the North Atlantic
  Current and its recirculation in the Newfoundland Basin using SOFAR floats.
  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rept. WHOI-90-32, 144 pp.

Schmitz, W.J., Jr., 1985.  SOFAR float trajectories associated with the
  Newfoundland Basin.  J.Mar. Res., Vol.43, pp.761-778.




NOAMP:

Ollitrault, M., P.Tillier, I.Bodevin, and H.Klein, 1988.  Deep SOFAR Float
  Experiment in the North-East Atlantic.  Institut Francais de Recherche
  pour l'Exploitation de la Mer Tech. Rept. No.11, 122 pp.

Klein, H., and E.Mittelstaedt, 1992.  Currents and Dispersion in the abyssal
  Northeast Atlantic.  Results from the NOAMP Field Program.  Deep-Sea Res.,
  Vol.39, pp.1727-1745.

Mittelstaedt, E., M.Bock, I.Bork, H.Klein, H.Nies, and U.Schauer, 1986.  Aus-
  breitungsbedingungen fur Stoffe in grossen Tiefen (NOAMP - Nordostatlantis-
  ches Monitoring Programm). Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut, Hamburg,
  internal report, 202 pp.




NORTH ATLANTIC CURRENT:

Anderson-Fontana, S., M.Prater, and T.Rossby, 1996.  RAFOS float data report
  of the North Atlantic Current study 1993-1995.  University of Rhode Island,
  G.S.O. Tech. Rept. 96-4, 242 pp.

Carr, M. E., E. J. Kearns and T. Rossby, 1995. Isopycnal RAFOS floats as
  roving hydrographers in the North Atlantic Current region. ACCP Notes,
  II(2), NOAA Atl. Oceanogr. Meteorol. Lab., Miami, Fla.

Rossby, T., 1996. The North Atlantic Current and surrounding waters: at
  the crossroads. Rev. Geophys., Vol.34, pp.463-481.

Rossby, T., D. Dorson, and J. Fontaine, 1986. The RAFOS system. J. Atmos.
  Oceanic Technol., Vol.3, pp.672-679.

Rossby, T., J. Ellis and D. C. Webb, 1993. An efficient sound source for
  wide-area RAFOS navigation. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., Vol.10, pp.397-403.

Rossby, T., J. Fontaine and E. C. Carter, Jr., 1994. The f/h float - meas-
  uring stretching vorticity directly. Deep-Sea Res., Vol.41, pp.975-992.




NORTH ATLANTIC MEDDIES:

Richardson, P. L., A. S. Bower and W. Zenk, 2000.  A census of meddies
  tracked by floats.  Prog. Oceano.,Vol.45, pp.209-250.

Richardson, P.L., and A.Tychensky, 1998.  Meddy trajectories in the Canary 
  Basin measured during the Semaphore Experiment, 1993-1995.  J.Geophys.Res.,
  Vol.103, pp.25029-25045.

Pingree, R.D., 1995.  The droguing of meddy Pinball and seeding with ALACE
  floats.  J.Mar.Biol.Assoc.UK, Vol.75, pp.235-252.




NORTH BRAZIL CURRENT:

Fratantoni, D. M. and P. L. Richardson, 2004.  The evolution and demise of
  North Brazil Current Rings.  J.Phys. Oceano. (submitted). 

Johns, W. E., T. L. Townsend, D. M. Fratantoni, and W. D. Wilson, 2002.
  On the Atlantic inflow to the Caribbean Sea. Deep-Sea Res. I, Vol.49,
  pp.211-243. 

Richardson, P. L., 2004. Caribbean Current and eddies as observed by surface
  drifters.  Deep-Sea Res. II (accepted). 

Wooding, C.M., P.L.Richardson, M.A.Pacheco, and D.A.Glickson, 2002.  North
  Brazil Current Rings Experiment: RAFOS Float Data Report, November 1998-
  June 2000.  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rept. WHOI-2002-08,
  86 pp.




SCRIPPS ALACES and PALACES:

Davis, R.E., 1995.  ALACE tracks subsurface ocean currents with Argos. Argos
  Newsletter, No.49, pp.4-7.

Davis, R.E., 1998.  Preliminary results from directly measuring mid-depth
  circulation in the tropical and South Pacific.  J.Geophys. Res., Vol.103,
  pp.24619-24639.

Toole, J.M., 1995.  ALACE results help determine thermocline depth variability.
  WOCE Notes, Vol.7, No.2, pp.7-10.  US WOCE Office, unpublished document.

Wijffels, S.E., J.M.Toole, and R.E.Davis, 2001.  Revisiting the South Pacific
  Subtropical circulation: a synthesis of WOCE observations along 32 degrees S.
  J.Geophys. Res. - Oceans, Vol.106 (C9), pp.19481-19513.




PRE-LDE:

Owens, W.B., P.L.Richardson, W.J.Schmitz,Jr., H.T.Rossby, and D.C.Webb, 1988.
  Nine-year trajectory of a SOFAR float in the southwestern North Atlantic. 
  Deep-Sea Res., Vol.35, pp.1851-1857.

Riser, S.C., and H.T.Rossby, 1983.  Quasi-Lagrangian structure and variabil-
  ity of the subtropical western North Atlantic circulation.  J.Mar. Res.,
  Vol.41, pp.127-162.




SHIKOKU BASIN:

Taira, K., S.Kitagawa, K.Uehara, H.Ichikawa, H.Hachiya, and T.Teramoto, 1990.
  Direct Measurement of Mid-Depth Circulation in the Shikoku Basin by Tracking
  SOFAR floats.  J.Oceano. Soc. Japan, Vol.46, pp.296-306.




SOUTHEAST PACIFIC:

Anderson-Fontana, S., T.Rossby, and S.Riser, 1992.  RAFOS floats in the South-
  eastern Pacific Ocean: 1987-1989. University of Rhode Island,  G.S.O. Tech.
  Rept. 92-1,  121 pp.




SITE L:

Price, J.F., T.K.McKee, W.B.Owens, and J.R.Valdes, 1987.  Site L SOFAR float
  experiment, 1982-1985.  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rept.
  WHOI-87-52, 289 pp.




SUBDUCTION + NATRE:

Sundermeyer, M.A., and J.F.Price, 1998.  Lateral mixing and the North Atlantic
  Tracer Release Experiment: Observations and numerical simulations of
  Lagrangian particles and passive tracer.  J.Geophys. Res., Vol.103, pp.
  21481-21497.




TOPOGULF:

Ollitrault, M., 1994.  The TOPOGULF Experiment Lagrangian Data.  Institut
  Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer Tech. Rept. No.7,
  Brest, 204 pp.

Ollitrault, M., 1995.  La circulation generale de l'Atlantique Nord tropical
  vers 700 m de profondeur revelee par des flotteurs derivants de subsurface.
  Comte Rendu Acad. Sci., Vol.320:IIa, pp.153-160.

Ollitrault, M., 1995.  The general circulation of the subtropical North Atlan-
  tic near 700 m depth revealed by the TOPOGULF SOFAR floats.  Intl. WOCE News-
  letter, Vol.20, pp.15-18.

 

TROPICAL ATLANTIC - SOFAR:

Boebel, O., R.E. Davis, M. Ollitrault, R.G. Peterson, P. L. Richardson, C.
  Schmid and W. Zenk, 1999.  The Intermediate Depth Circulation of the
  Western South Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.26, pp.3329-3332.

Fratantoni, D.M., and P.L. Richardson, 1999.  SOFAR float observations of an
  intermediate-depth eastern boundary current and mesoscale variability in 
  the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean.  J.Phys. Oceano., Vol.29, pp.1265-1278.

Richardson, P.L., and D.M.Fratantoni, 1999.  Float trajectories in the deep
  western boundary current and deep equatorial jets of the tropical Atlantic.
  Deep-Sea Res., Vol.46, pp.305-333.

Richardson, P.L., G.E.Hufford, R.Limeburner, and W.S.Brown, 1993.  North Bra-
  zil Current Retroflection Eddies.  J.Geophys. Res., Vol.99, pp.5081-5093.

Richardson, P.L., and W.J.Schmitz,Jr., 1993.  Deep Cross-Equatorial Flow
  in the Atlantic Measured with SOFAR Floats.  J.Geophys. Res., Vol.98,
  pp.8371-8387.

Richardson, P.L., M.E.Zemanovic, C.M.Wooding, W.J.Schmitz,Jr., and J.F.Price,
  1992.  SOFAR Float Trajectories from an Experiment to Measure the Atlantic
  Cross Equatorial Flow (1989-1990).  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
  Tech. Rept. WHOI-92-33,  197 pp.

Richardson, P.L., M.E.Zemanovic, C.M.Wooding, and W.J.Schmitz,Jr., 1994.
  SOFAR Float Trajectories in the Tropical Atlantic 1989-1992.  Woods Hole
  Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rept. WHOI-94-33,  185 pp.


 

TROPICAL ATLANTIC - PALACE:

Molinari, R. L., S. Garzoli, and R. W. Schmitt, 1999.  Equatorial currents at
  1000m depth in the Atlantic Ocean.  Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.26, pp.361-363.

Schmid, C., R.L. Molinari, and S.L. Garzoli, 2001. New observations of the
  intermediate depth circulation in the tropical Atlantic.  J. Mar. Res., Vol.59,
  pp.281-312.

Schmitt, R. W. and E. T. Montgomery, 2000.  Salinity: The missing piece of the
  climate puzzle.  Backscatter, Vol.11, pp.4-11.


 

WESTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC:

Siedler, G., and W. Zenk, 1997.  Untersuchungen zu den tiefen Wassermassen
  und planktologische Beobachtungen im tropischen Westpazifik während
  der SONNE-Fahrt Nr. 113 (TROPAC). Ber. Inst. f. Meereskunde Kiel, No. 288,
  129 pp.




UNITED KINGDOM:

Gould, W.J., 1985.  RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 1/85, 13 February-4 March 1985,
  Physical Oceanographic Studies in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean.  Institution
  of Oceanographic Sciences Cruise Rept. No.173.

Gould, W.J., 1986.  RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 3/85, 28 April-14 May 1985,
  Physical Oceanographic Studies in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean.  Institution
  of Oceanographic Sciences Cruise Rept. No.183.

Rees, J.M., and E.M.Gmitrowicz, 1989.  Dispersion Measurements from SOFAR
  Floats on the Iberian Abyssal Plain.  In: Interim Oceanographic Descrip-
  tion of the North-East Atlantic Site for the Disposal of Low-Level Radio-
  active Waste, Vol.3, F.Nyffeler and W.Simmons, eds., Nuclear Energy Agency/
  OECD, Paris; pp.64-67.

Richards, K.J., and S.P.O'Farrell, 1987.  Dispersion of Tracers by the Oce-
  anic Eddy Field Modelling Programme.  Institution of Oceanographic Sciences
  Deacon Laboratory Rept. No.251, 24 pp.


Last Update: 20 October 2004